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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Mycoplasmal panencephalitis: a neuropathologic documentation.

James M Powers1, Mahlon D Johnson

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. james_powers@urmc.rochester.edu

Acta Neuropathologica
|February 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae can cause childhood encephalitis through direct brain infection. This case reveals mycoplasma infecting brain cells, suggesting multifactorial pathogenesis in acute childhood encephalitis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Mycoplasmas, especially Mycoplasma pneumoniae, are linked to central nervous system diseases in children, particularly acute encephalitis.
  • Proposed mechanisms include direct infection, autoimmunity, and vascular issues, though neuropathologic data are limited.

Observation:

  • A 3-year-old boy presented with encephalitis following fever and cough, with autopsy revealing diffuse brain edema and inflammation.
  • Inflammatory cells, predominantly macrophages and T-lymphocytes, infiltrated the brainstem and amygdala.
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected in macrophages, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, particularly in the brainstem.

Findings:

  • Autopsy confirmed Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection within brain tissue, including neurons, with evidence of neuronal damage.
  • Ultrastructural analysis identified cell-wall-free microorganisms consistent with mycoplasma in perivascular cells and neurons.
  • Rare foci of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis were also observed.

Implications:

  • This case supports direct brain infection by mycoplasma as a cause of childhood encephalitis.
  • The findings suggest a virus-like infection of central neurons by mycoplasma.
  • The pathogenesis of mycoplasma-induced acute childhood encephalitis appears to be multifactorial.