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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Extraction: Effects of pH00:53

Extraction: Effects of pH

Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...
Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients01:14

Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients

The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also known as the partition law, states that if a solute is added to the mixture of two immiscible solvents at a constant temperature, the solute is distributed between the two solvents in such a way that the ratio of solute concentrations in the solvents remains constant at equilibrium.
For extracting a solute from an aqueous phase into an organic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Employing Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) to Explore Natural Products Chemistry in the Undergraduate Laboratory
09:48

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Published on: November 7, 2018

[Extract berberine hydrochloride by aqueous two-phase system].

Chi-Fu Wen1, Xiao-Qi Xiang, Wei-Xiang Zeng

  • 1Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Zhangjiajie 427000, China. zjjlyw@21cn.com

Zhong Yao Cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials
|March 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study identifies an optimal aqueous two-phase system for extracting berberine hydrochloride, achieving a 99.29% extraction rate and 88.43% purity. This method offers an efficient way to isolate this valuable compound.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Pharmacognosy

Context:

  • Berberine hydrochloride is a valuable alkaloid with diverse pharmacological properties.
  • Efficient extraction methods are crucial for its isolation and purification from natural sources.
  • Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) offer a promising, environmentally friendly alternative for biomolecule separation.

Purpose:

  • To investigate and optimize an aqueous two-phase system for the efficient extraction of berberine hydrochloride.
  • To determine the optimal conditions for ATPS-based berberine hydrochloride extraction, including system composition and temperature.
  • To evaluate the purity and extraction rate of berberine hydrochloride obtained using the developed ATPS.

Summary:

  • Three ATPS were screened, with a system composed of 10 mL 95% ethanol and 10 mL 2.2 mol/L ammonium sulfate identified as optimal.
  • The optimized system, under conditions of pH 4, 70°C for 30 minutes, and subsequent drying at 40°C, achieved a 99.29% extraction rate.
  • The final purity of the extracted berberine hydrochloride reached 88.43%.

Impact:

  • Establishes a highly efficient and potentially scalable ATPS for berberine hydrochloride extraction.
  • Provides a foundation for further research into ATPS applications for alkaloid purification.
  • Contributes to the development of greener and more cost-effective methods in pharmaceutical and natural product chemistry.