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Related Concept Videos

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.
2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)01:06

2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, or COSY, is a 2-dimensional NMR technique that provides information about coupled protons. Typically, the geminal and vicinal coupling are observed. For example, consider the COSY spectrum of ethyl acetate, where its 1D proton NMR spectrum is plotted along the vertical and horizontal axes with their corresponding chemical shift scale. Three spots on the diagonal corresponding to the three peaks in the 1D proton spectrum are called diagonal peaks. The COSY...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Dual-Color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy to Study Protein-Protein Interaction and Protein Dynamics in Live Cells
14:12

Dual-Color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy to Study Protein-Protein Interaction and Protein Dynamics in Live Cells

Published on: December 11, 2021

Nonlinear correlation spectroscopy (NLCS).

Matthias Geissbuehler1, Luigi Bonacina, Vladislav Shcheslavskiy

  • 1Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale LOB, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. matthias.geissbuehler@epfl.ch

Nano Letters
|March 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed nonlinear correlation spectroscopy (NLCS) to analyze light fluctuations from nanoparticles. This technique shows promise for selective measurements in complex biological samples.

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Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle
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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Optical spectroscopy is crucial for analyzing materials.
  • Measuring in complex biological environments presents significant challenges.
  • Nonlinear optical phenomena offer unique sensing capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce nonlinear correlation spectroscopy (NLCS) as a novel optical spectroscopy technique.
  • Detail the theoretical framework and methodology of NLCS.
  • Demonstrate the application and selectivity of NLCS in biological samples.

Main Methods:

  • NLCS analyzes coherent field fluctuations of second and third harmonic light.
  • Utilizes diffusing nanoparticles, particularly those based on noncentrosymmetric nonlinear materials (e.g., KNbO(3)).
  • Employs KNbO(3) nanoparticles exhibiting strong second and third harmonic generation.

Main Results:

  • Experimental validation of NLCS in fetal calf serum.
  • Demonstrated high selectivity of the technique for measurements.
  • Showcased the potential for analyzing complex biological environments.

Conclusions:

  • NLCS is a novel and promising technique for optical spectroscopy.
  • The method offers high selectivity for measurements in complex biological matrices.
  • Further development could lead to advanced bioanalytical applications.