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Updated: May 24, 2026

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
Published on: September 27, 2020
A critical review of the literature on NLD as a developmental disorder
Jodene Goldenring Fine1, Margaret Semrud-Clikeman, Jesse C Bledsoe
1School Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. finej@msu.edu
Abstract:
The extant research on nonverbal learning disability (NLD) was analyzed in this review. Studies were defined for use in the review as those that appeared in a peer-reviewed journal and included participants characterized as having NLD. Each study also needed to provide a statistical analysis of dependent variables. An a priori system was used to evaluate the quality of the research. Of the 88 publications found, 32 met criteria for inclusion in the review, with 6 meeting full criteria as strong studies. The diagnostic criteria used and the research findings are briefly discussed, as are proposed guidelines for future research.
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