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Subject-based reference values: biological variation, individuality, and reference change values.

Raquel M Walton1

  • 1Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. waltonr@vet.upenn.edu

Veterinary Clinical Pathology
|March 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subject-based reference values offer a practical alternative to population-based reference intervals in veterinary diagnostics. They provide more sensitive detection of disease by analyzing biological variation within individual animals.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary diagnostics
  • Clinical pathology
  • Animal health monitoring

Background:

  • Population-based reference intervals (RIs) are standard but often lack sensitivity for individual animal health assessment.
  • Subject-based reference values, representing longitudinal data, capture biological variation and individuality.
  • Biological variation data are underutilized in veterinary medicine despite applications in analytical goals and change assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical usefulness of subject-based reference values in veterinary medicine.
  • To highlight the diagnostic implications of using subject-based reference values.
  • To advocate for the implementation of subject-based RIs and related concepts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on reference values and biological variation in veterinary medicine.
  • Discussion of the principles of biological variation, individuality, and reference change value (RCV).
  • Comparison of the sensitivity of population-based versus subject-based reference values for detecting pathologic changes.

Main Results:

  • Subject-based reference values provide insights into biological and analytical variation.
  • They are particularly valuable for species where large population data are scarce (e.g., exotic animals).
  • Subject-based RIs are more sensitive than population-based RIs for detecting disease in individual animals.

Conclusions:

  • Subject-based reference values offer a practical and sensitive approach for veterinary diagnostics.
  • Implementing concepts like individuality and RCV can enhance disease detection and health assessment.
  • Diagnostic laboratories can improve their services by offering more sensitive, subject-based reference values.