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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
08:52

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Developing evidence-based immunization recommendations and GRADE.

P Duclos1, D N Durrheim, A L Reingold

  • 1Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 20 Ave Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. duclosp@who.int

Vaccine
|March 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Strategic Group of Advisory Experts (SAGE) enhanced the GRADE approach for developing vaccine policy recommendations. This ensures World Health Organization (WHO) immunization policies consider diverse evidence, including population-level effects and safety data.

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Published on: May 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Public Health
  • Evidence-Based Policy Making
  • Global Health Strategy

Background:

  • The Strategic Group of Advisory Experts (SAGE) advises the World Health Organization (WHO) on vaccine and immunization policies.
  • WHO utilizes evidence-based vaccine position papers, with recent ones based on SAGE recommendations since 2006.
  • The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach is used to rate evidence quality for recommendations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the evolution and adaptation of the GRADE approach for immunization policy development.
  • To highlight SAGE's role in refining evidence assessment for vaccine recommendations.
  • To ensure WHO immunization policies are based on comprehensive and relevant evidence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of SAGE's advisory processes and working group methodologies.
  • Analysis of the integration of the GRADE approach into WHO immunization policy development.
  • Documentation of collaborative efforts to enhance GRADE for vaccine-specific evidence.

Main Results:

  • SAGE identified limitations of the standard GRADE approach for immunization-specific issues, such as population-level effects and safety surveillance data.
  • Collaborative interactions led to key enhancements of the GRADE methodology to better accommodate vaccine-relevant evidence.
  • The adapted GRADE approach has been integrated into the development of SAGE and WHO immunization recommendations.

Conclusions:

  • The GRADE approach has been successfully adapted to better suit the complexities of immunization evidence.
  • Enhanced GRADE facilitates the development of robust, evidence-based vaccine policies by WHO.
  • Ongoing refinement of the GRADE approach will ensure continued alignment with the full spectrum of relevant evidence for immunization recommendations.