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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Protein Networks02:26

Protein Networks

An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
These interactions can be represented through maps depicting protein-protein interaction networks, represented as nodes and edges. Nodes are circles that are representative of a protein,...
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
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Transcriptome and network changes in climbers at extreme altitudes.

Fang Chen1, Wei Zhang, Yu Liang

  • 1BGI Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.

Plos One
|March 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Extreme altitude triggers significant gene network changes, including increased red blood cell production. Researchers discovered the OCT4 gene plays a key role in regulating hemoglobin at high altitudes.

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Published on: August 10, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Extreme altitude exposure causes physiological and cellular adaptations.
  • Hypoxia is a primary driver of these changes, impacting hemodynamics and red blood cell production.
  • Molecular mechanisms underlying high-altitude responses remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the transcriptional regulatory networks involved in extreme altitude adaptation.
  • To identify key genes and pathways mediating cellular responses to high altitude.
  • To establish a framework for analyzing transcriptional networks from limited sample sizes.

Main Methods:

  • Blood samples were collected from climbers at various altitudes on Mount Xixiabangma (8,012 m).
  • mRNA and miRNA expression assays were performed to analyze gene expression dynamics.
  • Network topology and flow analyses were used to identify regulatory relationships and key genes.

Main Results:

  • A modular transcriptional network with 7 distinct functional modules was identified.
  • Erythrocyte differentiation module showed significant upregulation, indicating increased red blood cell production.
  • Coordinated downregulation of general translation and identification of OCT4 as a novel regulator of hemoglobin genes were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Extreme altitude exposure induces a complex, modular transcriptional response.
  • OCT4, a stem cell regulator, is experimentally validated to enhance hemoglobin gene expression at high altitudes.
  • The study presents a novel framework for network analysis in limited sample settings.