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Diaphragmatic muscle tone.

N Muller, G Volgyesi, L Becker

    Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology
    |August 1, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Human diaphragm muscle spindles exist and exhibit tonic activity at end expiration, contrary to previous animal study beliefs. This finding impacts our understanding of respiratory muscle function.

    Area of Science:

    • Respiratory Physiology
    • Neuroanatomy

    Background:

    • Previous research suggested a lack of muscle spindles and tonic activity in the diaphragm, primarily based on animal studies.
    • Difficulty in distinguishing true tonic electromyogram activity from background noise complicated earlier investigations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the presence of muscle spindles in the human diaphragm.
    • To determine if tonic activity exists in the human diaphragm at end expiration.

    Main Methods:

    • Microscopic examination of newborn human diaphragms to identify muscle spindles.
    • Electromyography using subcostal and esophageal electrodes in infants and adults to measure diaphragmatic tonic activity.
    • Modulation of tonic activity via rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, anesthesia, and abdominal loading.

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    Main Results:

    • Muscle spindles were identified in the human diaphragm, particularly in the central tendon region.
    • Diaphragmatic tonic activity significantly decreased during REM sleep and halothane anesthesia (P < 0.001).
    • Tonic diaphragmatic activity increased proportionally with abdominal loading in adult subjects (P < 0.001).

    Conclusions:

    • The human diaphragm contains muscle spindles.
    • Tonic activity is present in the human diaphragm at end expiration, challenging prior assumptions.