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Related Concept Videos

Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
Intracellular Hormone Receptors01:08

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
09:07

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

Published on: December 19, 2018

The hinge region in androgen receptor control.

Liesbeth Clinckemalie1, Dirk Vanderschueren, Steven Boonen

  • 1Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|March 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The androgen receptor (AR) hinge region is crucial for AR activity, regulating nuclear transport, gene activation, and mobility. Modifications and mutations in this region impact AR function and are linked to diseases like prostate cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Nuclear receptors possess a hinge region connecting DNA-binding and ligand-binding domains.
  • This region, though poorly conserved, performs diverse functions.
  • For the androgen receptor (AR), the hinge region is critical for its activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted roles of the AR hinge region.
  • To discuss the impact of post-translational modifications and mutations on AR function.
  • To highlight the hinge region's role as a signaling integrator.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on androgen receptor structure and function.
  • Analysis of the role of the hinge region motif (629)RKLKKL(634).
  • Discussion of post-translational modifications (acetylation, ubiquitylation, methylation, phosphorylation) and their interplay.

Main Results:

  • The AR hinge region is essential for nuclear translocation, transactivation, and intranuclear mobility.
  • It is a key site for post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation at serine 650.
  • The hinge region influences AR binding to androgen response elements and interacts with coactivators/corepressors.

Conclusions:

  • The AR hinge region acts as a central integrator of signals from various pathways.
  • Mutations in the hinge region are implicated in androgen insensitivity syndrome and prostate cancer.
  • Understanding the hinge region's function is vital for comprehending AR regulation and associated diseases.