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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines01:12

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary and tertiary amines can be symmetrical with identical alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom or unsymmetrical when more than one type of alkyl group is present. The standard nomenclature of secondary and tertiary amines is similar to the names given to the primary amines. They are generally named alkylamines. As depicted in Figure 1, for...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of two (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-(<i>para</i>-substituted benzyl-idene) 4-chloro-benzene-sulfono-hydrazides.

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)benzyl-idene]aryl-sulfono-hydrazides.

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>Z</i>)-4-chloro-<i>N</i>'-(4-oxo-thia-zol-idin-2-yl-idene)benzene-sulfono-hydrazide monohydrate.

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-benzyl-idene-4-chloro-benzene-sulfono-hydrazide and of its (<i>E</i>)-4-chloro-<i>N</i>'-(<i>ortho</i>- and <i>para</i>-methyl-benzyl-idene)benzene-sulfono-hydrazide derivatives.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)
08:33

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

Published on: June 28, 2011

N-(4-Methyl-2-nitro-phen-yl)succinamic acid.

U Chaithanya, Sabine Foro, B Thimme Gowda

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |March 14, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the molecular structure of C(11)H(12)N(2)O(5), focusing on its amide and carboxyl groups. Crystal analysis reveals specific hydrogen bonding patterns and molecular conformations.

    Area of Science:

    • Organic Chemistry
    • Crystallography
    • Molecular Structure Analysis

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions is crucial in organic chemistry.
    • Crystallography provides detailed insights into the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in solid-state compounds.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the specific molecular conformation and hydrogen bonding characteristics of the title compound, C(11)H(12)N(2)O(5).
    • To analyze the crystal packing and identify the types and directions of hydrogen bonds present.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, dihedral angles, and hydrogen bonding interactions.

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    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
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    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

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    Last Updated: May 24, 2026

    Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)
    08:33

    Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

    Published on: June 28, 2011

    A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
    14:18

    A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

    Published on: May 27, 2014

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
    09:45

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

    Published on: April 27, 2017

    Main Results:

    • The N-H bond of the amide group is syn to the ortho-nitro group.
    • Amide and carboxyl C=O groups are syn to each other, and anti to adjacent -CH(2) groups.
    • Intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds were identified, including bifurcated bonding and the formation of chains and inversion dimers.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed structural characterization of C(11)H(12)N(2)O(5).
    • The identified hydrogen bonding network influences the compound's crystal structure and molecular arrangement.