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Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

Mesh analysis becomes simpler when analyzing circuits with current sources, whether independent or dependent. The presence of current sources reduces the number of equations required for analysis. Two cases illustrate this:
Current Source in One Mesh: The analysis process is straightforward when a current source is found in only one mesh within the circuit. Mesh currents are assigned as usual, with the mesh containing the current source excluded from the analysis. Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)...

Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents

Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents

Two long, straight, and parallel current-carrying conductors exert a force of equal magnitude on one another. The direction of the force depends on the current direction in the conductors.
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Eddy Currents

Eddy Currents

Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...

Electrical Current

Electrical Current

Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836). An ampere is the...

Magnetic Force On Current-Carrying Wires: Example

Magnetic Force On Current-Carrying Wires: Example

In a magnetic field, moving charges encounter a force. If a wire contains these moving charges, i.e., if the wire is carrying a current, then a force acts on the wire as well. Consider a pair of flexible leads holding a wire that is 40 cm long and 10 g in weight in a horizontal position. The wire is placed in a constant magnetic field of 0.40 T, as shown in Figure 1(a). Determine the magnitude and direction of the current flowing in the wire needed to remove the tension in the supporting leads.

Displacement Current

Displacement Current

Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Headache currents commentary.

Richard Peatfield¹

¹Princess Margaret Migraine Clinic, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.

|March 15, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Old headache medicines like ergotamine and methysergide are revisited with new formulations. Newer drugs, including sumatriptan (a triptan) and diclofenac, offer alternatives for migraine treatment.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Pharmacology

Background:

Older headache medications, including ergotamine tartrate, dihydroergotamine, and methysergide, have been used for decades.
These medications primarily act on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor family, specifically activating 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(1D), and 5-HT(1F) receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the clinical aspects of older headache medicines.
To discuss sumatriptan as a prototype of the newer triptan class of acute migraine therapies.
To mention diclofenac potassium as a new FDA-approved migraine drug.

Main Methods:

Clinical review of ergotamine tartrate, dihydroergotamine, and methysergide.
Discussion of sumatriptan as a representative of the triptan class.
Comparison of older medications with triptans and newer formulations.
Mention of diclofenac potassium for oral solution.

Main Results:

Older headache medicines can be reformulated for improved efficacy and reduced side effects.
Triptans, like sumatriptan, are effective acute migraine therapies targeting specific 5-HT receptors.
Parenteral formulations generally offer more effective and faster relief for migraine symptoms.
Diclofenac potassium presents a new option for migraine patients, especially those with contraindications to vasoconstrictors.

Conclusions:

The evolution of headache medicine involves reformulating older drugs and developing new classes like triptans.
Understanding the 5-HT receptor pharmacology is key to developing effective migraine treatments.
Drug formulation significantly impacts the efficacy of acute migraine therapies.
Newer medications and formulations offer expanded treatment options for migraineurs.