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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion. The...

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Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance
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Structure-activity correlations in a nickel-borate oxygen evolution catalyst.

D Kwabena Bediako1, Benedikt Lassalle-Kaiser, Yogesh Surendranath

  • 1Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anodic activation dramatically enhances nickel-borate oxygen evolution catalyst performance. This involves a structural transformation and a shift to higher nickel oxidation states, including Ni(IV), challenging previous catalyst efficiency assumptions.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for energy conversion.
  • Nickel-based catalysts are widely studied for OER.
  • Understanding catalyst structure-activity relationships is key to improving efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural and oxidation state changes in nickel-borate (Ni-B(i)) thin films upon anodic activation.
  • To correlate these changes with enhanced oxygen evolution catalytic activity.
  • To challenge existing notions about the efficiency of beta-NiOOH in OER.

Main Methods:

  • In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) including X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS).
  • Coulometric measurements.
  • Electrochemical characterization of electrodeposited Ni-B(i) films.

Main Results:

  • Anodic activation significantly increases the catalytic rate of Ni-B(i) films.
  • Activated films exhibit a higher average nickel oxidation state (+3.6), with a significant Ni(IV) presence.
  • Activated films show a structure of bis-oxo/hydroxo-bridged nickel centers in edge-sharing NiO(6) octahedra, while non-activated films display Jahn-Teller distorted Ni(III) centers.

Conclusions:

  • The enhanced OER activity is linked to structural and oxidation state changes, particularly the formation of Ni(IV).
  • The findings suggest activated Ni-B(i) films undergo transformations similar to beta-NiOOH to gamma-NiOOH conversion.
  • The study challenges the established view of beta-NiOOH as the superior oxygen-evolving catalyst phase.