Warning labels formulated as questions positively influence smoking-related risk perception
Sabine Glock1, Barbara C N Müller, Simone M Ritter
1University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg. sabine.glock@uni.lu
Abstract:
Research on warning labels printed on cigarette packages has shown that fear inducing health warnings might provoke defensive responses. This study investigated whether reformulating statements into questions could avoid defensive reactions. Smokers were presented with either warning labels formulated as questions, textual warning labels, graphic warning labels, or no warning labels. Participants' smoking-related risk perception was higher after exposure to warning labels formulated as questions or no warning labels than after exposure to textual or graphic warning labels. These results indicate that reformulating statements into questions can avoid defensive responses elicited by textual- and graphic warning labels.
Related Concept Videos
Framing Effects
Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques IV
Stimulants
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II
The Availability Heuristic
Relative Risk

