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Related Concept Videos

The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro
06:52

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro

Published on: October 11, 2022

Retinoblastoma: an overview.

Anish Ray1, Dan S Gombos, Tribhawan S Vats

  • 1Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Cancer Hospital, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 87, Houston, TX 77030, USA. akray@mdanderson.org

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|March 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinoblastoma, a childhood eye cancer, stems from retinoblastoma gene mutations. Early detection and advanced treatments are crucial for improving outcomes in advanced cases.

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Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice
07:55

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Published on: August 4, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro
06:52

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro

Published on: October 11, 2022

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice
07:55

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Published on: August 4, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatric Oncology

Background:

  • Retinoblastoma is the most common childhood intraocular malignancy.
  • It arises from mutations in the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) on chromosome 13q14.
  • Both hereditary and non-hereditary forms exist, requiring specific genetic events for tumor development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiology, diagnosis, and staging of retinoblastoma.
  • To discuss current treatment modalities and their associated morbidities.
  • To recommend future research directions for advanced retinoblastoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on retinoblastoma.
  • Discussion of diagnostic methods including clinical examination, sedation, and imaging (ultrasound, MRI).
  • Classification of tumors based on size, location, and vitreous seeding (Groups A-E).

Main Results:

  • Tumor presentation often includes leucocoria or strabismus.
  • Diagnosis is typically made by ophthalmologists under sedation.
  • Tumor staging (Groups A-E) aids in prognosis and treatment planning.

Conclusions:

  • Despite treatment advances, enucleation remains common for advanced retinoblastoma.
  • Novel therapeutic models and targeted pathways are needed.
  • Large, multi-institutional studies are recommended to improve outcomes in advanced stages.