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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with constant...
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Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

Allocentrically implied target locations are updated in an eye-centred reference frame.

Aidan A Thompson1, Christopher V Glover, Denise Y P Henriques

  • 1Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.

Neuroscience Letters
|March 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Visuospatial memory updates implicit targets in an eye-centered frame, similar to explicit targets. This suggests gaze-dependent coding for remembered locations, even without direct target representation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Visuospatial Memory
  • Human Sensorimotor Control

Background:

  • Reaching to remembered locations after eye movements shows systematic errors, indicating eye-centered updating of visuospatial memory.
  • Previous research focused on explicit targets, leaving the reference frame for implicit targets less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether implicit targets, defined by allocentric visual cues, are updated in an eye-centered reference frame.
  • To compare the spatial updating of implicit targets with that of explicit targets.

Main Methods:

  • Participants identified implied target locations from allocentric visual stimuli (bars, lines).
  • Participants then made an eye movement (saccade) to an eccentric location.
  • Participants reached to the remembered implied target location.

Main Results:

  • Reaching errors to implicit targets were gaze-dependent, irrespective of stimulus type.
  • Error patterns for implicit targets did not differ from those for explicit targets.
  • Implicit target locations are coded and updated based on gaze direction relative to the implied location.

Conclusions:

  • Implicit target locations are processed and updated within an eye-centered reference frame, analogous to explicit targets.
  • The brain uses gaze-dependent coding for remembered locations even when targets are not explicitly represented.