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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
The carboxy-terminal of most of the prenylated proteins, such as Ras proteins, contains the...
Biosynthesis of Lipids01:29

Biosynthesis of Lipids

Microbial membranes exhibit remarkable diversity in lipid composition, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to various environmental conditions. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—synthesize membrane lipids through distinct biosynthetic pathways, leading to fundamental structural differences that impact membrane stability, function, and adaptability.Fatty Acid-Based Lipids in Bacteria and EukaryaBacteria and eukaryotes share a common fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, which...
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
What are Lipids?01:38

What are Lipids?

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Updated: May 24, 2026

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
08:59

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Published on: November 23, 2016

Plant phospholipases: an overview.

Geliang Wang1, Stephen Ryu, Xuemin Wang

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant phospholipases, including phospholipase D, C, A1, and A2, hydrolyze glycerophospholipids. Enzyme families vary in specificity and requirements, offering insights into cellular functions and industrial uses.

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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

Published on: July 27, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Plant Science
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Plant phospholipases are crucial enzymes involved in lipid metabolism.
  • They can be classified into four main types: phospholipase D, C, A1, and A2.
  • These enzymes hydrolyze glycerophospholipids at distinct ester bonds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To categorize plant phospholipases based on their enzymatic activity.
  • To explore the diversity within phospholipase families and subfamilies.
  • To understand the cellular functions and industrial applications of plant phospholipases.

Main Methods:

  • Enzyme classification based on hydrolysis site.
  • Analysis of substrate specificity, cofactor requirements, and reaction conditions.
  • Comparative study of different phospholipase families.

Main Results:

  • Identification of four major types of plant phospholipases.
  • Characterization of variations in substrate specificity and reaction conditions among enzyme families.
  • Demonstration of distinct enzymatic properties within phospholipase subfamilies.

Conclusions:

  • Plant phospholipases exhibit significant diversity in their enzymatic properties.
  • These variations are key to understanding their specific cellular roles.
  • Exploiting these differences holds potential for various industrial applications.