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Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses.

S J Spier1, G P Carlson, T A Holliday

  • 1Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
|October 15, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses is characterized by episodic weakness and high blood potassium. Treatments like calcium, glucose, bicarbonate, and acetazolamide provide rapid recovery and control.

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Area of Science:

  • Equine Medicine
  • Neuromuscular Disorders
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder in horses.
  • Affected horses experience episodic muscle weakness, tremors, and collapse.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical signs, hyperkalemia, and provocative testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document clinical and biochemical events during spontaneous and induced episodes of HYPP.
  • To investigate the correlation between plasma potassium and total plasma protein.
  • To evaluate treatment efficacy and explore the genetic basis of HYPP.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 11 horses with confirmed HYPP.
  • Monitored clinical and biochemical parameters during spontaneous and potassium chloride-induced episodes.

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  • Performed electrocardiography, electromyography, and muscle biopsies.
  • Analyzed blood samples for electrolytes, enzymes, and protein concentrations.
  • Assessed treatment responses and investigated familial transmission and genetic markers.

    • Main Results:

    • Episodes correlated with marked hyperkalemia (5.5-9.0 mEq/L).
    • Electrocardiography showed hyperkalemia effects; electromyography revealed myotonia and denervation.
    • Muscle biopsies showed sarcoplasmic reticulum dilation and fiber vacuolation.
    • A strong correlation (r2=0.882) between total plasma protein and plasma potassium indicated fluid shifts.
    • IV calcium, glucose, or bicarbonate rapidly resolved episodes; acetazolamide and diet controlled the condition.
    • Affected offspring were produced via embryo transfer, suggesting a genetic component.

    Conclusions:

    • HYPP is characterized by hyperkalemia and specific electrophysiological and histological changes.
    • Fluid shifts play a role during episodes, as indicated by the plasma protein correlation.
    • Various treatments offer rapid relief or long-term control.
    • The study provides evidence for the genetic transmission of HYPP.