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Related Concept Videos

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

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Updated: May 23, 2026

A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α
11:27

A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α

Published on: November 2, 2018

NF-κB regulation: lessons from structures.

Gourisankar Ghosh1, Vivien Ya-Fan Wang, De-Bin Huang

  • 1Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92903, USA. gghosh@ucsd.edu

Immunological Reviews
|March 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The nuclear factor-κΒ (NF-κB) pathway, crucial for gene regulation, involves NF-κB, its inhibitor IκB, and the IKK complex. Structural insights now clarify molecular mechanisms of NF-κB activation specificity.

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A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α
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Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of the IKK-binding Domain of NEMO

Published on: December 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • The nuclear factor-κΒ (NF-κB) signaling pathway is a fundamental cellular process regulating gene expression.
  • This pathway comprises three key components: NF-κB, inhibitor of NF-κΒ (IκB), and the IκB kinase complex (IKK).
  • IKK acts as a central mediator, responding to cellular signals to initiate downstream events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the specificity of NF-κB activation.
  • To interpret cellular observations related to NF-κB signaling in terms of molecular structures.
  • To propose new conceptual frameworks for understanding NF-κB pathway regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Determination of three-dimensional structures for all three core components of the NF-κB signaling module.
  • Analysis of structural data to correlate with observed cellular phenomena.
  • Integration of structural information with existing knowledge of pathway dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Availability of high-resolution three-dimensional structures for NF-κB, IκB, and IKK.
  • Structural insights facilitate a molecular-level understanding of IKK activation and subsequent IκB degradation.
  • Structural data supports the interpretation of diverse modifications leading to expanded functional roles within the pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Three-dimensional structures provide a powerful tool for dissecting NF-κB pathway regulation.
  • Understanding the structural basis of component interactions is key to deciphering pathway specificity.
  • This work advances the conceptual framework for studying NF-κB signaling and its functional diversity.