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Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances

A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances

Published on: October 10, 2020

Toxicity testing of nanomaterials.

Amanda M Schrand¹, Liming Dai, John J Schlager

¹Applied Biotechnology Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA. amanda.schrand@udri.udayton.edu

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|March 23, 2012

Summary

Nanomaterial toxicity is assessed using in vitro methods to predict health effects. Carbon nanomaterials show low toxicity, while metal nanoparticles like silver and manganese can be more harmful.

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Area of Science:

Nanotoxicology
Cellular Biology
Materials Science

Background:

Increasing production and use of nanomaterials raise concerns about human health.
In vitro systems offer a rapid and cost-effective approach to assess nanomaterial effects at the cellular level.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the health consequences of human exposure to nanomaterials.
To elucidate the characteristics, cellular uptake, and toxicity mechanisms of various nanomaterials.

Main Methods:

Utilizing in vitro systems for toxicity testing.
Characterizing nanomaterials before evaluating cellular interactions.
Employing microscopy and biochemical assays to study cell-nanomaterial interactions.
Conducting viability testing, morphology observation, and oxidative stress generation assays.

Main Results:

Carbon-based nanomaterials generally exhibited low toxicity to cell lines.
Metal-based nanoparticles, such as silver and manganese, demonstrated higher toxicity.
Observed side effects include increased cellular branching and dopamine depletion.

Conclusions:

Nanomaterial toxicity is influenced by characteristics like size, composition, shape, and functionalization.
Further research is crucial to fully understand nanomaterial interactions and toxicity mechanisms.