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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Contact allergy to dimethacrylate.

Ravi Vaswani¹, Soon Ja Kim, Adrian Sanchez

¹University of Maryland, College Park, USA.

|March 24, 2012

Summary

Contact allergy to methacrylates, though uncommon, can cause significant oral symptoms. A case study highlights dimethacrylate in dentures as the cause of persistent gum irritation and blistering, relieved by removal.

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Allergology
Prosthodontics

Background:

Methacrylate sensitivity is a known, albeit rare, cause of allergic contact dermatitis.
Dental prosthetics frequently utilize methacrylate-based resins, posing a potential allergen source.

Observation:

A 55-year-old woman experienced a decade of escalating oral symptoms, including pruritus, burning, swelling, erythema, and blistering of the gums, coinciding with denture use.
Initial symptom relief with a barrier liner was temporary, with symptoms worsening over time.

Findings:

A skin patch test revealed a strong positive reaction (3+) to dimethacrylate, a component of her dentures.
Histopathological findings included erythema, edema, papules, and ulceration at the test site.

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Implications:

This case underscores the importance of considering methacrylate allergy in patients with persistent, unexplained oral symptoms related to dental prosthetics.
Diagnosis and management involve accurate allergen identification (e.g., via patch testing) and avoidance of the causative agent, such as dimethacrylate-containing dentures.