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Related Concept Videos

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing

The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.
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Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
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The cleaning process usually involves using water with detergents or enzymatic cleaner and removing foreign material from objects and surfaces, including organic material such as body fluids or inorganic material like soil. Cleaning is performed before high-level disinfection and sterilization because foreign materials on the cover of the devices interfere with process...

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Updated: May 23, 2026

Microbial Control and Monitoring Strategies for Cleanroom Environments and Cellular Therapies
09:30

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Published on: March 17, 2023

Timing of C-arm drape contamination.

Paul G Peters1, Richard T Laughlin, Ronald J Markert

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA.

Surgical Infections
|March 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

C-arm cover contamination is frequent and occurs early during orthopedic fracture surgeries. Minimizing C-arm contact is recommended to prevent surgical site infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Infection Control
  • Medical Device Contamination

Background:

  • Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant concern in orthopedic surgery.
  • Contamination of C-arm covers presents a potentially modifiable risk factor for SSIs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the timing and factors influencing C-arm cover contamination during orthopedic fracture fixation surgeries.

Main Methods:

  • A single-cohort study involved 30 patients undergoing operative fracture fixation.
  • C-arm cover cultures were taken post-draping and every 20 minutes.
  • Operating room traffic (person-hours) and door openings were recorded.
  • C-arm position changes and time to contamination were monitored.

Main Results:

  • The median time to contamination was 20 minutes.
  • Initial drape contamination was 17%, rising to 50% at 20 min, 57% at 40 min, and 80% by 80 min.
  • Lateral C-arm position changes significantly correlated with earlier contamination (r=0.64, p=0.003).

Conclusions:

  • C-arm drape contamination is common and occurs early in orthopedic fracture surgeries.
  • Minimal intraoperative contact with the C-arm is advised to reduce surgical field contamination.