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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Update on insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes.

Thomas Donner1, Miguel Muñoz

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. Tdonner1@jhmi.edu

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|March 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Insulin therapy is vital for type 2 diabetes management when other treatments fail. Newer insulin analogs offer improved glycemic control with fewer side effects like hypoglycemia and weight gain.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell dysfunction.
  • Insulin therapy is often necessary to manage blood glucose and prevent complications.
  • Initiation of insulin is indicated when other antihyperglycemic agents are insufficient or hyperglycemia is severe.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and safety of various insulin therapies in type 2 diabetes.
  • To provide guidance on insulin initiation and treatment targets.
  • To discuss adverse effects and strategies for minimization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on insulin analogs and formulations.
  • Analysis of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction and adverse event profiles.
  • Consideration of patient-specific factors for treatment goals.

Main Results:

  • Basal, prandial, basal/bolus, and premixed insulins effectively lower HbA1c.
  • Long-acting analogs reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia; insulin detemir offers a weight advantage.
  • Rapid-acting analogs improve postprandial control; U-500 insulin is an option for severe resistance.
  • Adverse effects can be minimized with combination therapy; no current insulin increases cancer risk.

Conclusions:

  • Insulin therapy is a cornerstone in managing type 2 diabetes, with various options available.
  • Individualized glycemic targets are crucial, especially considering age, duration of diabetes, and risk of hypoglycemia.
  • Careful selection of insulin type and combination therapy can optimize glycemic control while minimizing risks.