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Related Concept Videos

Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles01:29

Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open.
Interference and Decay01:16

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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Resting Potential Decay01:15

Resting Potential Decay

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
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The restless engram: consolidations never end.

Yadin Dudai1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. yadin.dudai@weizmann.ac.il

Annual Review of Neuroscience
|March 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memory consolidation transforms short-term memories into long-term forms. Recent research shows memory engrams are dynamic, constantly modified, suggesting long-term memory consolidation may be an ongoing process.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Memory consolidation is the process of transforming memories into a stable, long-term form.
  • It is studied at cellular/synaptic and brain systems levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in memory consolidation research.
  • To explore reconsolidation, memory transformation, cue-dependency, and the role of sleep.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on memory consolidation.
  • Analysis of cellular, synaptic, and systems-level mechanisms.
  • Investigation into the influence of rest and sleep.

Main Results:

  • Memory engrams are dynamic and undergo continuous modification.
  • Synaptic consolidation mechanisms operate as subroutines at the systems level.
  • Memory transformation and cue-dependency are key aspects of ongoing consolidation.

Conclusions:

  • Memory consolidation is not a finite process for all memory types.
  • Long-term memory may be subject to continuous modification and reconsolidation.
  • This challenges previous neuroscience interpretations but aligns with cognitive theories.