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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients
03:47

A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients

Published on: October 25, 2024

Tuberculosis spine: Therapeutically refractory disease.

Anil K Jain1, Ish K Dhammi, Prashant Modi

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
|March 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) of the spine is challenging to diagnose and treat. Second-line anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) and immunomodulation achieved healing in most refractory spinal TB cases.

Keywords:
MRITB spinemulti drug resistancetherapeutically refractory disease

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients
03:47

A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Radiology

Background:

  • India faces a high burden of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
  • Spinal MDR-TB lacks established diagnostic and treatment protocols.
  • This study investigates outcomes in therapeutically refractory spinal TB cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of second-line anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) in suspected multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) of the spine.
  • To assess diagnostic challenges and healing outcomes in therapeutically refractory spinal TB.

Main Methods:

  • Fifteen patients with suspected MDR-TB spine, refractory to initial ATT, were treated with second-line ATT.
  • Diagnostic procedures included histopathology, culture, BACTEC, and PCR on tissue samples.
  • Healing was monitored using clinical symptoms, ESR, MRI, and PET scans over a 2-year follow-up period.

Main Results:

  • Positive culture for MDR-TB was confirmed in two out of three cases with positive cultures.
  • Thirteen of fourteen patients achieved healing status with second-line ATT.
  • One patient is still undergoing treatment, and another with drug-sensitive TB is responding well.

Conclusions:

  • Early suspicion of therapeutically refractory spinal TB is crucial.
  • Surgical tissue procurement for diagnosis is recommended even if culture results are not definitive.
  • Second-line ATT, potentially with immunomodulation, can lead to healing in MDR-TB spine.
  • Treatment monitoring with MRI and PET scans is essential.