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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates these...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...
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Cancer Therapies

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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

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Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy
10:10

Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy

Published on: October 18, 2011

Chemotherapy-related cognitive dysfunction.

Jeffrey S Wefel1, Sanne B Schagen

  • 1Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 431, Houston, TX 77030, USA. jwefel@mdanderson.org

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|March 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer treatments can cause cognitive problems, impacting survivors' quality of life. This review explores chemotherapy

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Stem Cell Transplantation Strategies for the Restoration of Cognitive Dysfunction Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy

Published on: October 18, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Oncology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy, are increasingly linked to cognitive dysfunction in patients.
  • This neurotoxicity affects quality of life and functional independence in a growing number of cancer survivors.
  • Understanding the mechanisms behind chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review neuropsychological findings in breast and brain cancer patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy.
  • To summarize recent animal and imaging research on the neurobiological impacts of chemotherapy.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which chemotherapy affects brain structure, function, and behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of neuropsychological studies in cancer patients.
  • Analysis of preclinical (animal) research on chemotherapy's effects on the brain.
  • Examination of neuroimaging studies investigating chemotherapy-induced brain alterations.

Main Results:

  • Chemotherapeutic agents induce neurobiological changes in the brain.
  • These changes are associated with a spectrum of cognitive deficits.
  • Impacts on brain structure, function, and behavior are evident across different cancer types and treatment modalities.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment-related cognitive dysfunction is a significant concern for cancer survivors.
  • Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity affects quality of life and functional independence.
  • Further research into underlying mechanisms is needed to develop effective interventions.