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Presentation of congestive cardiac failure in children with ventricular septal defect
Maqbool Hussain1, Sajjad Hussain, Jai Krishin
1Department of Paediatrics, Children Hospital, PIMS, Islamabad, Pakistan. drmaqboolhussain@gmail.com
Insights
Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) in children with Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is more common in males and often presents in infancy with symptoms like dyspnea and cough. Early recognition and referral are crucial for reducing child mortality.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Cardiology
- Congenital Heart Defects
- Public Health in Developing Nations
Background:
- Limited data exists on pediatric cardiac issues in Pakistan, with many children presenting with recurrent chest infections and congestive cardiac failure (CCF).
- Early identification of cardiac problems and CCF is vital to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality.
- General practitioners often manage these cases, highlighting the need for increased awareness.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the frequency and clinical presentation of congestive cardiac failure (CCF) in pediatric patients diagnosed with Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).
Main Methods:
- A prospective study was conducted over 6 months involving 49 pediatric patients meeting specific criteria for VSD.
- Detailed patient history and physical examinations were performed, focusing on CCF symptoms and signs.
- Data analysis included frequency and percentage calculations using SPSS-11.
Main Results:
- Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) associated with Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) was more prevalent in males (1.45:1 ratio), with most cases (63.1%) presenting during infancy.
- Common presenting symptoms included dyspnea (98%), cough (83.7%), and feeding difficulties (9.6%).
- Key physical signs observed were murmur (98%), tachypnea (91.8%), tachycardia (89.8%), and hepatomegaly (89.9%). Perimembranous VSD was the most common type (61.2%).
Conclusions:
- This study, though small-scale, underscores the scarcity of research on pediatric CCF in Pakistan.
- Enhanced awareness of CCF signs and symptoms in pediatric VSD patients is needed at the primary healthcare level.
- Prompt diagnosis and early referral by general practitioners are essential to decrease morbidity and mortality in affected children.
Background:
While there is much data on cardiac problems of adults, there is a limited statistical data available to evaluate the magnitude of the cardiac problems in children in Pakistan. Many of these children present with recurrent chest infections and congestive cardiac failure (CCF), and are managed by general practitioners. A careful search for underlying cardiac problems and awareness about the presentation of CCF and its magnitude will definitely decrease the morbidity and mortality of these children. The objective of this study was to see the frequency and clinical presentation of CCF in children with Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).
Methods:
Forty-nine patients met the preset criteria during the study period of 6 months. A detailed history and physical examination with special emphasis on symptoms and signs was sought and the findings were noted in a questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS-11. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for all categorical variables.
Results:
CCF in VSD was found more in males, with a male to female ratio of 1.45:1. Majority (63.1%) of the patients presented in infancy. The common symptoms at presentation were dyspnoea (98%), cough (83.7%), and feeding difficulty (9.6%). Other important symptoms were fever, fatigue, failure to thrive, sweating and wheezing. The common physical signs in order of frequency were murmur 98%, tachypnoea 91.8%, tachycardia 89.8%, hepatomegally 89.9% and crackles in chest 85.7%. Other presenting signs were displaced apex beat 57%, oedema 28.6% and chest deformity 20.4%. Regarding the type of VSD, perimembranous was the commonest 61.2% as confirmed by echocardiography.
Conclusion:
This study was done on a smaller scale in hospitalised children. The exact studies regarding CCF in paediatric patients are scarce. There is a need to design more studies in children with CCF. Early recognition of signs and symptoms of CCF on paediatric patients with VSD and awareness at primary health care level can prevent the delay in the diagnosis and early referrals by GPs to hospital setup will definitely reduce the morbidity and mortality.
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