Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 23, 2026
08:47
The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia
Published on: November 19, 2008
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates.
Azhar Munir Qureshi1, Anees ur Rehman, Tahir Saeed Siddiqi
1Department of Paediatrics, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan. drazharmunir@gmail.com
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC
|March 30, 2012
Summary
Birth asphyxia, a leading cause of neonatal mortality, is linked to maternal factors like primigravida status and lack of antenatal care. Early identification of these risk factors is crucial for improving infant outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Neonatal Medicine
- Perinatal Health
- Neurology
Background:
- Birth asphyxia (lack of oxygen around birth) is a significant cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity.
- Hypoxia/ischemia can result in permanent brain damage and affect other organs.
- This study aimed to identify risk factors, presentations, and Apgar score associations with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess risk factors contributing to birth asphyxia.
- To document common clinical presentations of neonates with HIE.
- To evaluate the correlation between Apgar scores and HIE severity.
Main Methods:
- A prospective, descriptive study conducted in a Paediatric Department.
- Inclusion of 181 neonates exhibiting neurological signs of HIE.
- Data collection included maternal history, Apgar scoring, and neurological grading for brain damage assessment.
Main Results:
- The majority of neonates were full-term (77.9%).
- High rates of grade-3 (38.7%) and grade-2 (38.7%) HIE were observed.
- Key contributors to mortality included primigravid mothers, lack of antenatal examinations, toxaemia, and prolonged labor.
Conclusions:
- Primigravida status, maternal anemia, inadequate antenatal care, toxaemia, and prolonged labor are major risk factors for HIE.
- Emphasizes the need for early risk factor recognition and public health awareness.
- Recommends improvements in maternal health and regular antenatal checkups to reduce HIE incidence.
Related Concept Videos
01:29Hepatic Encephalopathy
DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
01:23Hypoxia
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
01:15Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology
An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
01:21Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology
Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
01:21Acute Respiratory Failure-II
Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
01:19Encephalitis l: Introduction
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...