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Related Concept Videos

Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the...
Electron Behavior01:09

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...
Continuous Charge Distributions01:17

Continuous Charge Distributions

Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
The electric charge can also be subjected to an analogical...
Sources and Properties of Electric Charge01:15

Sources and Properties of Electric Charge

All objects we see around us consist of atoms, which combine to form molecules. The lightest element in the universe is hydrogen, and a hydrogen atom consists of a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron. The magnitude of charge that a proton and an electron carry are the same, and it is the fundamental unit of charge. In SI units, it is 1.602 times 10-19 coulomb.
Most atoms additionally constitute another fundamental particle, the neutron. It carries no electrical charge. A...
The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum numbers:  n, l, ml, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Sub-nanometer free electrons with topological charge.

P Schattschneider1, M Stöger-Pollach, S Löffler

  • 1Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Wien, Austria. schattschneider@ifp.tuwien.ac.at

Ultramicroscopy
|March 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created electron vortex beams using a holographic mask, achieving nanoscale vortices. These beams, crucial for applications, showed excellent agreement with theoretical models and enabled precise measurement of experimental parameters.

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Published on: January 19, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Electron Optics
  • Quantum Mechanics

Background:

  • Electron vortex beams possess quantized angular momentum, enabling unique applications.
  • Focusing these beams to sub-nanometer diameters is critical for advanced research.
  • Understanding electron vortex beam properties is essential for technological advancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally produce and characterize electron vortex beams.
  • To compare experimental results with theoretical models of electrons carrying topological charge.
  • To demonstrate the application of these beams in determining fundamental experimental parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the holographic mask technique to generate electrons with quantized angular momentum.
  • Employed electron optical elements for focusing electron beams into vortices.
  • Compared experimental data with theoretical simulations.

Main Results:

  • Successfully produced electron vortex beams with diameters below the nanometer range.
  • Experimental results demonstrated excellent agreement with theoretical predictions.
  • Precisely determined fundamental experimental parameters, including spherical aberration and partial coherence.

Conclusions:

  • The holographic mask technique is effective for generating controlled electron vortex beams.
  • Experimental validation confirms the theoretical understanding of electron vortex beams.
  • Electron vortex beams offer a practical tool for precise characterization of electron optical systems.