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Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

A solenoid is a conducting wire coated with an insulating material, wound tightly in the form of a helical coil. The magnetic field due to a solenoid is the vector sum of the magnetic fields due to its individual turns. Therefore, for an ideal solenoid, the magnetic field within the solenoid is directly proportional to the number of turns per unit length and the current. Conversely, the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.
Consider a solenoid with 100 turns wrapped around a cylinder of...

Magnetic Field Lines

Magnetic Field Lines

The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Each of the magnetic field lines forms a closed loop. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.
Magnetic field lines follow several hard-and-fast rules:

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

The magnetic field due to a volume current distribution given by the Biot–Savart Law can be expressed as follows:

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the magnetic field at a point "P2", midway between the wires. Also, evaluate the magnetic field when the direction of the current is reversed in the second wire.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

Published on: July 2, 2018

Vortex domain walls in helical magnets.

Fuxiang Li¹, T Nattermann, V L Pokrovsky

¹Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|April 3, 2012

Summary

Helical magnets feature unique domain walls made of vortex lines. These vortex walls are driven by currents and electric fields in multiferroics.

Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Magnetism
Materials science

Background:

Domain walls in magnetic materials are crucial for device applications.
Understanding the topology and behavior of domain walls is essential for novel magnetic technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the topological nature and properties of domain walls in helical magnets.
To analyze the structure, energetics, and dynamics of these novel domain walls.

Main Methods:

Topological considerations to determine the existence of vortex lines.
Simple model calculations for shape and energetics in different crystal symmetries.
Analysis of vortex anisotropy and domain wall width dependence on magnetic anisotropy.

More Related Videos

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Published on: November 7, 2017

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Published on: February 1, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

Published on: July 2, 2018

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Published on: November 7, 2017

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Published on: February 1, 2017

Main Results:

Helical magnets exhibit domain walls composed of regular vortex lines, independent of microscopic models.
Vortex lines are anisotropic, differing from the standard Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless form.
Domain wall width shows weak dependence on magnetic anisotropy, unlike ferromagnets and antiferromagnets.

Conclusions:

The discovered vortex line domain walls represent a nontrivial topological state in helical magnets.
These domain walls can be manipulated by external electric currents and electric fields in multiferroics, opening avenues for spintronic applications.