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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...
Travelling Waves01:04

Travelling Waves

A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. Mechanical waves are governed by Newton's laws and require a medium to travel. A medium is a substance in which a mechanical wave propagates, and the medium produces an elastic restoring force when it is deformed.
Water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves. For water waves, the wave propagation medium is water;...
Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces
09:33

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Published on: June 7, 2019

Gradient-index meta-surfaces as a bridge linking propagating waves and surface waves.

Shulin Sun, Qiong He, Shiyi Xiao

    Nature Materials
    |April 3, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed a gradient-index meta-surface that efficiently converts freely propagating waves (PWs) to surface waves (SWs) with nearly 100% efficiency. This breakthrough bridges two types of wave propagation for advanced photonic applications.

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    10:16

    Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects

    Published on: February 8, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Metamaterials
    • Electromagnetic Wave Control

    Background:

    • Controlling electromagnetic waves, including freely propagating waves (PWs) and surface waves (SWs), is crucial in photonic research.
    • Existing methods using transformation optics and metamaterials have achieved control over PWs and SWs separately, but a unified approach is lacking.
    • Controlling waves at surfaces is vital for applications like lensing, beam bending, and anomalous reflection.

    Discussion:

    • A novel gradient-index meta-surface is proposed and demonstrated to efficiently convert PWs to SWs.
    • This conversion achieves nearly 100% efficiency, overcoming limitations of conventional devices like prisms and gratings.
    • The meta-surface compensates for momentum mismatch using its reflection-phase gradient, enabling efficient conversion across various incidence angles.

    Key Insights:

    • Demonstration of a meta-surface capable of near-perfect conversion of PWs to SWs.
    • The device utilizes a reflection-phase gradient to match momentum between PWs and SWs.
    • Experimental validation in the microwave region confirms theoretical predictions and simulations.

    Outlook:

    • Potential for high-efficiency surface plasmon couplers.
    • Applications in advanced anti-reflection surfaces and light absorbers.
    • Enabling new possibilities in controlling electromagnetic wave propagation at interfaces.