Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Aliasing

Aliasing

Accurate signal sampling and reconstruction are crucial in various signal-processing applications. A time-domain signal's spectrum can be revealed using its Fourier transform. When this signal is sampled at a specific frequency, it results in multiple scaled replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain. The spacing of these replicas is determined by the sampling frequency.
If the sampling frequency is below the Nyquist rate, these replicas overlap, preventing the original signal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Understanding Color Associations and Their Effects on Expectations of Drugs' Efficacies.

Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)·2022

Same author

Color appearance shift in augmented reality metameric matching.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2021

Same author

Brightness matching in optical see-through augmented reality.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2020

Same author

Observer metamerism in commercial displays.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2020

Same author

Assessing the temporal uniformity of CIELAB hue angle.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2020

Same author

Perceived speed of changing color in chroma and hue directions in CIELAB.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2019

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Published on: February 29, 2012

Veiling glare and perceived black in high dynamic range displays.

Michael J Murdoch¹, Ingrid E J Heynderickx

¹Philips Research Europe, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. michael.murdoch@philips.com

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision

|April 5, 2012

Summary

This study measured how visible black-level differences are near glare sources on high dynamic range displays. Results help optimize display visibility in challenging lighting conditions.

More Related Videos

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Published on: February 18, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Published on: February 29, 2012

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Published on: February 18, 2021

Area of Science:

Visual perception
Display technology
Image quality

Background:

High dynamic range (HDR) displays present challenges for viewing dark details near bright areas.
Intra-ocular glare from external light sources can impair perception of image contrast.
Understanding these effects is crucial for optimizing visual experience on modern displays.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the visibility of black-level differences under glare conditions.
To develop a model for predicting contrast visibility in high-contrast scenarios relevant to HDR displays.
To investigate the impact of glare on visual difference thresholds.

Main Methods:

A perceptual experiment was conducted in a controlled environment.
Visual difference thresholds for dark, shadow-detail images were adaptively measured.
Intra-ocular glare was induced using an external LED lamp at varying eccentricities.
Data were modeled using CIE glare equations, DICOM contrast visibility, and adaptation luminance.

Main Results:

Difference thresholds were determined for various glare conditions and eccentricities.
The study provides quantitative data on the visibility of black-level differences.
A model combining existing and new components was developed to predict visibility.

Conclusions:

The findings provide insights into the visibility of dark details in the presence of glare on HDR displays.
The developed model can aid in predicting and improving image quality in challenging viewing environments.
This research is relevant for both display design and understanding visual perception in real-world settings.