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Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

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Photometric stereo applied to diffuse surfaces that violate Lambert's law.

G McGunnigle¹, Junyu Dong, Xuefang Wang

¹CTR AG, Europastrasse 4/1, A-9524 Villach, Austria. gerald.mcgunnigle@ctr.at

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision

|April 5, 2012

Summary

Photometric stereo (PS) can analyze non-Lambertian surfaces under specific lighting conditions. While the Oren-Nayar model fits surface reflectance, PS accuracy decreases with increased surface roughness.

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Area of Science:

Computer Vision
Surface Metrology
Optical Engineering

Background:

Photometric stereo (PS) typically assumes Lambertian reflectance, limiting its application to idealized surfaces.
Real-world surfaces often exhibit non-Lambertian diffuse reflectance, such as those modeled by the Oren-Nayar (ON) function.
Understanding the limitations and applicability of PS for non-Lambertian surfaces is crucial for accurate 3D reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the efficacy of standard photometric stereo (PS) for surfaces with non-Lambertian reflectance.
To define criteria for the successful application of PS beyond Lambertian surfaces.
To evaluate the performance of PS using the Oren-Nayar (ON) reflectance model for rough surfaces.

Main Methods:

Simulations were conducted using the ON reflectance model to predict surface reflectance functions.
PS was applied to both simulated and real rough test surfaces.
Surface microstructure was characterized by root-mean-square (rms) slope.

Main Results:

Standard PS demonstrated applicability to non-Lambertian surfaces under specific light source arrangements (90° intervals).
The ON model accurately predicted reflectance functions for tested rough surfaces.
PS simulations showed good performance for moderate microroughness (rms slope <0.3).
Real-surface experiments revealed high correlation between estimated and actual slopes, but significant errors for rougher samples.

Conclusions:

Photometric stereo can be extended to non-Lambertian surfaces, particularly with specific lighting geometries.
The Oren-Nayar model is suitable for representing reflectance of rough surfaces.
PS accuracy is dependent on surface microroughness, with performance degrading for rougher samples.