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Related Concept Videos

Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia
08:47

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

Published on: November 19, 2008

[Hashimoto's encephalopathy].

B Chaigne1, E Beaufils, Y Jouan

  • 1Service de médecine interne, hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, 2, boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours cedex 9, France. benjamin.chaigne@hotmail.fr

La Revue De Medecine Interne
|April 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy, a rare neurological disorder, presents with neuropsychiatric symptoms and thyroid antibodies. Despite debates, reported cases are increasing, highlighting the need for diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia
08:47

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

Published on: November 19, 2008

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Context:

  • Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a rare neurological condition characterized by neuropsychiatric symptoms and elevated thyroid antibodies.
  • The existence and diagnostic criteria for HE have been debated since its initial description.
  • Physicians encounter increasing cases, necessitating a better understanding of this autoimmune disorder.

Purpose:

  • To provide an updated review of Hashimoto's encephalopathy based on a comprehensive literature search.
  • To consolidate current knowledge on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of HE.
  • To highlight the ongoing need for established diagnostic criteria and therapeutic consensus.

Summary:

  • A Medline database search identified 316 references on Hashimoto's encephalopathy published between 1961 and 2011.
  • The review indicates a growing number of reported cases, suggesting HE may be underdiagnosed or more prevalent than previously thought.
  • Key findings underscore the association between neuropsychiatric manifestations and positive thyroid antibodies in patients with HE.

Impact:

  • This review emphasizes the clinical relevance of recognizing Hashimoto's encephalopathy in patients with unexplained neurological and psychiatric symptoms.
  • It calls for the development of standardized diagnostic criteria to improve early detection and intervention.
  • Establishing therapeutic consensus is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes and managing this complex autoimmune neurological condition.