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Role of Shaping in Operant Conditioning01:19

Role of Shaping in Operant Conditioning

Shaping is a technique used in operant conditioning to train complex behaviors by rewarding successive approximations toward the target behavior. This method is necessary because organisms are unlikely to perform complex behaviors spontaneously. Instead, shaping breaks down the desired behavior into small, manageable steps.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE
06:57

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Published on: May 14, 2019

Teaching mands by manipulating conditioned establishing operations.

G Hall, M L Sundberg

    The Analysis of Verbal Behavior
    |April 6, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Teaching verbal behaviors as tacts does not automatically lead to their use as mands. Direct mand training, using specific prompts and establishing operations, is necessary for reliable manding. This confirms the functional independence of mands and tacts.

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    Published on: July 13, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral Psychology
    • Applied Behavior Analysis
    • Verbal Behavior Analysis

    Background:

    • Skinner's theory posits functional independence of verbal operants.
    • Limited empirical research exists on the nature and independence of these operants.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if teaching verbal topographies as tacts results in their emission as mands.
    • To examine the functional independence between tacts and mands.

    Main Methods:

    • Taught specific verbal topographies as tacts.
    • Conducted direct mand training using imitative and tact prompts.
    • Faded prompts to transfer stimulus control to conditioned establishing operations.

    Main Results:

    • Manding did not reliably occur after tact training alone.
    • Reliable manding was observed only after direct mand training.
    • Prompt fading successfully transferred stimulus control.

    Conclusions:

    • Mands and tacts are functionally independent.
    • Manipulating conditioned establishing operations is valuable for effective mand training.