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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
Group Design02:01

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The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between the two are due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE
06:57

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Published on: May 14, 2019

Topography-based and selection-based verbal behavior: A further comparison.

R Wraikat, C T Sundberg, J Michael

    The Analysis of Verbal Behavior
    |April 6, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Topography-based verbal behavior, like speaking, is easier to learn and promotes more new skill development than selection-based systems, such as symbol boards. This finding has implications for language training practices.

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    Last Updated: May 23, 2026

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    Published on: May 14, 2019

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    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral psychology
    • Applied behavior analysis
    • Language acquisition

    Background:

    • Michael (1985) differentiated verbal behavior into topography-based and selection-based systems.
    • Previous studies (Sundberg & Sundberg, 1990; Wraikat, 1990) compared these systems for learning object naming (tact) and intraverbal responses.
    • Earlier comparisons had limitations due to subject variability in learning speed.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To replicate and refine previous comparisons of topography-based and selection-based verbal behavior.
    • To investigate the ease of learning specific verbal relations and the emergence of new stimulus relations.
    • To adjust experimental tasks to individual subject functioning levels.

    Main Methods:

    • Replication of prior studies on tact and intraverbal learning and stimulus class formation.
    • Adjustment of task difficulty by varying learning objectives and interspersing trained tasks.
    • Systematic comparison of topography-based (e.g., speech) and selection-based (e.g., symbol boards) verbal systems.

    Main Results:

    • Topography-based verbal behavior was significantly easier to learn compared to selection-based behavior.
    • Topography-based systems facilitated the emergence of more new stimulus-class relations.
    • Adjusting task difficulty improved the ability to compare the two verbal systems.

    Conclusions:

    • Topography-based verbal behavior is more effective for learning and developing new verbal relations.
    • Findings support theoretical analyses of verbal behavior and suggest practical changes in language intervention.
    • Individualized task adjustment is crucial for accurate comparisons of learning systems.