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Related Concept Videos

Law of Effect01:06

Law of Effect

B.F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behavioral psychology, introduced operant conditioning by emphasizing the role of consequences in shaping behavior. This theory builds upon the law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike, which posits that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated. In contrast, those followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to recur.
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The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
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Reinforcement Schedules

Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
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Operant Conditioning01:21

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Operant conditioning, a key concept in behavioral psychology, involves using reinforcement and punishment to alter the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. B.F. introduced this type of conditioning. Skinner focused on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them, influencing whether these behaviors will be strengthened or diminished.
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Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction
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Quantitative order in B. F. Skinner's early research program, 1928-1931.

S R Coleman

    The Behavior Analyst
    |April 6, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    B.F. Skinner’s early research focused on finding quantitative order in behavior. His graduate work involved complex, interdependent projects, with apparatus changes driven by the success of achieving measurable behavioral order.

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    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Behavioral Science
    • History of Science

    Background:

    • B.F. Skinner's early research (1928-1931) is often simplified.
    • Understanding his foundational work requires examining his graduate research projects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a detailed account of B.F. Skinner's graduate research (1928-1931).
    • To highlight the search for quantitative order as a unifying theme in his early work.
    • To offer a more complex narrative than Skinner's own accounts.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of archival laboratory research records from Skinner's graduate period.
    • Examination of apparatus designs and project shifts between 1928 and 1931.
    • Investigating the relationship between apparatus changes and research outcomes.

    Main Results:

    • Skinner's graduate research program was more complex than previously suggested.
    • He simultaneously pursued three interdependent lines of investigation.
    • Apparatus and project changes were directly influenced by the success in finding quantitative order in measured behavior.

    Conclusions:

    • The pursuit of quantitative order was the central driving force in Skinner's early research development.
    • Apparatus modifications ceased once consistent quantitative order was achieved in key preparations (panel-press, lever-box).
    • Archival research provides critical insights into biographical understanding and scientific development.