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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy
10:02

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

Published on: November 3, 2016

[Cerebral palsy--perinatal aspects].

A Nikolov, E Pavlova, N Yarukova

    Akusherstvo I Ginekologiia
    |April 10, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cerebral palsy involves motor impairments from early developmental issues. This review details its incidence, risk factors, and causes, focusing on perinatal factors.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Developmental Pediatrics
    • Public Health

    Context:

    • Cerebral palsy (CP) presents complex motor impairments originating from early developmental anomalies.
    • CP imposes substantial emotional, financial, and social burdens on patients, families, and caregivers.
    • Understanding CP's origins is crucial for effective intervention and support.

    Purpose:

    • To review the incidence and risk factors of cerebral palsy.
    • To explore the etiopathogenesis of CP, linking it to perinatal events.
    • To highlight key aspects of perinatal cerebral palsy.

    Summary:

    • Cerebral palsy arises from non-progressive, yet evolving, motor deficits due to early fetal or childhood lesions.
    • This review examines evidence linking intrauterine infection, prematurity, asphyxia, multiple pregnancies, and assisted reproductive techniques to CP.

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    Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
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    Published on: November 20, 2015

    Enhancing the Development and Growth of Infant Cerebral Palsy Rats Using Selective Spinal Manipulations
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    Enhancing the Development and Growth of Infant Cerebral Palsy Rats Using Selective Spinal Manipulations

    Published on: February 2, 2024

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 23, 2026

    A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy
    10:02

    A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

    Published on: November 3, 2016

    Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
    07:36

    Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

    Published on: November 20, 2015

    Enhancing the Development and Growth of Infant Cerebral Palsy Rats Using Selective Spinal Manipulations
    05:04

    Enhancing the Development and Growth of Infant Cerebral Palsy Rats Using Selective Spinal Manipulations

    Published on: February 2, 2024

  • Key elements of perinatal cerebral palsy are elucidated.

    • Impact:

    • Provides a comprehensive overview of cerebral palsy etiology and incidence.
    • Informs healthcare professionals and families about risk factors and developmental impacts.
    • Contributes to understanding perinatal factors influencing cerebral palsy development.