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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
The Phase Rule01:20

The Phase Rule

The phase rule describes the relationship between the variance (degrees of freedom), the number of components, and the number of phases in a system at equilibrium.Variance is a concept that denotes the number of independent intensive properties (properties are those that do not depend on the amount of material in the system), such as temperature, pressure, and composition, that can be altered without impacting the number of phases in equilibrium.In a single-component system, such as pure water,...
Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Volume (Pressure)02:32

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Volume (Pressure)

For gas-phase equilibria, changes in the concentrations of reactants and products can occur with altered volume and pressure. The partial pressure, P, of an ideal gas is proportional to its molar concentration, M.

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High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems
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High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

Published on: January 24, 2014

Experimental methods for phase equilibria at high pressures.

Ralf Dohrn1, José M S Fonseca, Stephanie Peper

  • 1Department of Property Data and Thermodynamics, Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany. ralf.dohrn@bayer.com

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
|April 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate high-pressure phase equilibria data is vital for industrial processes. This review details measurement methods, highlighting their pros, cons, and potential errors to ensure reliable experimental results.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

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Published on: January 24, 2014

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Geochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • High-pressure phase equilibria are critical for chemical processes, carbon capture, and geological studies.
  • Accurate data is essential for process design, optimization, and understanding natural phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and classify various methods for measuring high-pressure phase equilibria.
  • To discuss the principles, advantages, challenges, and error sources of these measurement techniques.
  • To address the accuracy discrepancies in published experimental data and outline requirements for valuable results.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of high-pressure phase equilibria measurement techniques.
  • Discussion of measurement principles, including advantages and disadvantages.
  • Analysis of error sources and accuracy evaluation of experimental data.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive overview of diverse high-pressure phase equilibria measurement methods.
  • Identification of key challenges and error sources associated with each method.
  • Emphasis on the importance of method selection and data evaluation for reliable results.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding different measurement methods is fundamental for selecting appropriate techniques and evaluating data quality.
  • Addressing the gap between claimed and actual accuracy is crucial for advancing the field.
  • Adherence to essential requirements ensures the generation of valuable and trustworthy experimental data.