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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Adrenal neoplasms.

G Low1, H Dhliwayo, D J Lomas

  • 1Department of Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Canada. timgy@yahoo.com

Clinical Radiology
|April 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details how various imaging techniques, including CT, MRI, and PET scans, help distinguish between benign and malignant adrenal neoplasms. Understanding key imaging findings is crucial for accurate diagnosis and avoiding misinterpretation of adrenal lesions.

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Adrenal neoplasms encompass a range of conditions including adenomas, myelolipomas, phaeochromocytomas, and malignancies like adrenocortical carcinoma.
  • Accurate characterization of adrenal lesions is essential for appropriate patient management and treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and illustrate the multi-modality imaging appearances of common adrenal neoplasms.
  • To emphasize key imaging findings that aid in lesion characterization and differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of imaging modalities including ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, and positron-emission tomography (PET).
  • Highlighting lipid-sensitive techniques (unenhanced CT, chemical shift MRI) for adenoma detection.
  • Explaining the role of adrenal CT washout studies and 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose-PET (18FDG-PET) in differentiating benign from malignant lesions.

Main Results:

  • Lipid-rich adenomas show characteristic findings on unenhanced CT (≤10 HU) and chemical shift MRI (signal loss).
  • CT washout studies differentiate adenomas from other neoplasms based on contrast washout patterns.
  • 18FDG-PET can identify malignant neoplasms by demonstrating high tracer uptake due to increased metabolic activity.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-modality imaging plays a critical role in the evaluation and characterization of adrenal neoplasms.
  • Awareness of specific imaging findings improves diagnostic confidence and reduces misinterpretation errors in adrenal lesion assessment.