Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 23, 2026
Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
Active stiffness and strength in people with unilateral anterior shoulder instability: a bilateral comparison
Margie Olds1, Peter McNair, Antoine Nordez
1Health and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand. margie.olds@aut.ac.nz
Context:
Active muscle stiffness might protect the unstable shoulder from recurrent dislocation.
Objective:
To compare strength and active stiffness in participants with unilateral anterior shoulder instability and to examine the relationship between active stiffness and functional ability.
Design:
Cross-sectional study.
Setting:
University research laboratory.
Patients Or Other Participants:
Participants included 16 males (age range, 16-40 years; height = 179.4 ± 6.1 cm; mass = 79.1 ± 6.8 kg) with 2 or more episodes of unilateral traumatic anterior shoulder instability.
Main Outcome Measure(S):
Active stiffness and maximal voluntary strength were measured bilaterally in participants. In addition, quality of life, function, and perceived instability were measured using the Western Ontario Stability Index, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form, and Single Alpha Numeric Evaluation, respectively.
Results:
We found less horizontal adduction strength (t(15) = -4.092, P = .001) and less stiffness at 30% (t(14) = -3.796, P = .002) and 50% (t(12) = -2.341, P = .04) maximal voluntary strength in the unstable than stable shoulder. Active stiffness was not correlated with quality of life, function, or perceived instability (r range, 0.0-0.25; P > .05).
Conclusions:
The observed reduction in stiffness in the unstable shoulder warrants inclusion of exercises in the rehabilitation program to protect the joint from perturbations that might lead to dislocation. The lack of association between active stiffness and quality of life, function, or perceived instability might indicate that stiffness plays a less direct role in shoulder stability.
