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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

G-quadruplexes in RNA biology.

Stefania Millevoi1, Hervé Moine, Stéphan Vagner

  • 1Inserm UMR 1037, University of Toulouse III, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse 31432, Cedex 4, France. stefania.millevoi@inserm.fr

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|April 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

G-quadruplexes are unique RNA structures crucial for cellular functions like gene expression and telomere maintenance. This review explores their regulatory roles in RNA metabolism and associated molecular mechanisms.

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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
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Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers
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Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Published on: September 19, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • G-quadruplexes are noncanonical, four-stranded structures formed by G-rich DNA and RNA sequences.
  • These structures are found in various RNA transcripts, including those at telomeres and within coding and noncoding regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of RNA G-quadruplexes in RNA biology.
  • To emphasize the molecular mechanisms underlying their functions in RNA metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of experimental studies and computational predictions.
  • Analysis of the roles of G-quadruplexes in physiological and pathological conditions.

Main Results:

  • RNA G-quadruplexes are vital regulators of telomere homeostasis and gene expression.
  • They influence pre-mRNA processing (splicing, polyadenylation), RNA turnover, mRNA targeting, and translation.
  • Protein factor binding modulates G-quadruplex conformation and recruits other regulators.

Conclusions:

  • RNA G-quadruplexes are key players in regulating diverse RNA metabolic processes.
  • Understanding their molecular mechanisms is crucial for comprehending cellular functions and diseases.