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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Hepatitis B: Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries.

Elisabetta Franco1, Barbara Bagnato, Maria Giulia Marino

  • 1Elisabetta Franco, Laura Zaratti, Department of Public Health, University Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.

World Journal of Hepatology
|April 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health issue, particularly in high-endemicity regions. Vaccination and prevention strategies are key, but vaccine cost remains a challenge for developing nations.

Keywords:
Developing countriesEndemicityHepatitis BSeroprevalenceVaccine

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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a significant global health threat.
  • Early-life infection can lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Transmission occurs via sexual contact, parenteral exposure, and vertically from mother to child.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the global public health problem of HBV infection.
  • To discuss transmission routes and consequences, particularly in high-endemicity regions.
  • To review prevention strategies and identify challenges, especially economic hurdles in developing countries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of global HBV epidemiology and endemicity regions.
  • Analysis of transmission dynamics, focusing on vertical transmission.
  • Evaluation of current and potential prevention strategies, including screening, behavioral changes, and vaccination.

Main Results:

  • HBV infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and cancer worldwide.
  • Vertical transmission is the primary concern in high-endemicity areas.
  • Vaccination is the most effective prevention, but cost is a barrier for low-income countries.

Conclusions:

  • Effective prevention policies, including vaccination, are crucial for reducing the global burden of HBV.
  • Addressing the cost of vaccines is essential for equitable global health.
  • Sustained efforts are needed to overcome socioeconomic challenges in HBV prevention.