4CMenB journey to the 10-year anniversary and beyond

Véronique Abitbol1, Federico Martinón-Torres2,3,4, Muhamed-Kheir Taha5

  • 1GSK, Rueil-Malmaison, France.

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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
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M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis02:15

M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis

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Continuing Care01:25

Continuing Care

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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

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