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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

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Published on: March 1, 2017

When emulation becomes reciprocity.

Luisa Sartori1, Giulia Bucchioni, Umberto Castiello

  • 1Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy.

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
|April 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain

Keywords:
action observationaction predictioncomplementary actionsmotor evoked potentialstranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Observing body movements activates motor areas in the brain.
  • Social interaction often requires complementary, not imitative, actions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate when the brain shifts from imitating observed actions to preparing complementary ones.
  • To explore the temporal dynamics of action-perception coupling.

Main Methods:

  • Used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure corticospinal excitability.
  • Recorded motor evoked potentials (MEPs) while participants observed action sequences.
  • Delivered TMS at key kinematic time points during observed actions.

Main Results:

  • Motor evoked potentials varied, showing a flexible shift from imitative to complementary action tendencies.
  • This shift occurs very early in the processing of observed actions.
  • Observers anticipate and prepare for complementary actions based on predictive information.

Conclusions:

  • The motor system dynamically adjusts from imitation to complementarity.
  • Predictive simulation plays a crucial role in social action perception.
  • Findings advance understanding of social interaction and action-perception mechanisms.