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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Published on: August 7, 2017

Innate immunity gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and otitis media.

Sarah R Carroll¹, Philip B Zald, Zachary M Soler

¹ENT Surgical Associates, Glendale, CA, United States.

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

|April 13, 2012

Summary

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in toll-like receptor (TLR) genes were investigated in children with recurrent otitis media. Researchers found no increased prevalence of specific TLR gene SNPs in otitis-prone children compared to controls.

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Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

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Published on: August 7, 2017

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Published on: June 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Immunology
Genetics
Pediatrics

Background:

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial for innate immune system activation.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR genes are associated with increased infection susceptibility.
TLR4 deficiency in mice correlates with higher rates and longer duration of otitis media.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the hypothesis that SNPs in toll-like receptor (TLR) genes are more common in otitis-prone children.
To compare the prevalence of specific TLR gene SNPs between children with and without a history of otitis media.

Main Methods:

A case-control study involving 70 children undergoing surgery for otitis media (cases) and 70 children undergoing surgery for non-otologic conditions (controls).
Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples.
RT-PCR genotyping was performed for SNPs in TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, and CD14 genes.

Main Results:

No significant differences were observed between cases and controls regarding family history, daycare attendance, smoke exposure, allergies, or the prevalence of the studied SNPs.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was the most frequent pre-operative diagnosis in the control group.

Conclusions:

The study found no increased prevalence of SNPs in TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, and CD14 genes among children with a history of recurrent otitis media.
These findings suggest that common SNPs in these TLR genes may not be a significant risk factor for otitis-prone conditions in children.