Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nonpharmacologic Therapy for Pediatric Posttonsillectomy Pain: A Systematic Review.

Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery·2026
Same author

Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Features, and Medical Treatment of Sinonasal Sarcoidosis: A Systematic Review.

American journal of rhinology & allergy·2026
Same author

Peri- and Post-Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Voice Disorder Risk: A TriNetX Study.

The Laryngoscope·2026
Same author

Laryngeal Dysfunction Following COVID-19: A TriNetX Retrospective Cohort Study.

The Laryngoscope·2026
Same author

Proximal Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the OSPREY Study : A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Annals of internal medicine·2026
Same author

Canal Cholesteatoma Presentation and Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery·2026
Same journal

Laryngeal IgG4-Related Disease: A Systematic Review of Clinical Features and Management.

The Laryngoscope·2026
Same journal

Elevated BMI Is Not Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Open Airway Reconstruction.

The Laryngoscope·2026
Same journal

What is the Most Effective Treatment Approach for Vocal Fold Granuloma?

The Laryngoscope·2026
Same journal

ATP6V1B1-A Novel Genetic Association Between Pendred Imaging Phenotype and Renal Tubular Acidosis.

The Laryngoscope·2026
Same journal

Effects of Ferrostatin-1 on Vocal Folds in Aging Rats.

The Laryngoscope·2026
Same journal

What Is the Role of Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in Contemporary Sleep Surgery?

The Laryngoscope·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice
04:00

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice

Published on: September 13, 2024

Olfactory Dysfunction and Metabolic Syndrome Components: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Neeti Gandra1,2, Kaitlyn A Roberts1,3, Shaun A Nguyen1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.

The Laryngoscope
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is linked to higher risks of metabolic syndrome components like diabetes and heart issues. Metabolic disorders also correlate with poorer olfactory function, suggesting a two-way relationship.

Keywords:
insulin resistancemetabolic syndromeolfactory dysfunctionsmell identification

More Related Videos

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
08:33

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Published on: December 4, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice
04:00

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice

Published on: September 13, 2024

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
08:33

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Published on: December 4, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic health and sensory science.
  • Clinical research and epidemiology.

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is increasingly recognized as a potential indicator of systemic health.
  • Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between olfactory dysfunction and the components of metabolic syndrome.
  • To explore the bidirectional relationship between impaired sense of smell and metabolic dysregulation.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL Complete, and Cochrane Library databases.
  • Included studies were analyzed for associations between olfactory dysfunction and metabolic parameters like BMI, cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose levels.
  • Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool.

Main Results:

  • 47 studies involving 4045 participants were analyzed.
  • Olfactory dysfunction was associated with increased odds of smoking, antihypertensive medication use, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and diabetes.
  • Individuals with OD had higher fasting glucose and lower total and HDL cholesterol levels.
  • Diabetes and elevated BMI were linked to significantly lower olfactory test scores (TDI composite scores).

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is associated with a higher prevalence of conditions that constitute or contribute to metabolic syndrome.
  • Metabolic disorders are linked to reduced olfactory function, indicating a bidirectional relationship between olfactory impairment and metabolic dysregulation.