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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Drug Excretion: Pulmonary and Glandular Routes01:22

Drug Excretion: Pulmonary and Glandular Routes

Gaseous substances like general anesthetics are absorbed and excreted through the lungs via simple diffusion. This process depends on factors such as pulmonary blood flow, respiration rate, and the substance's solubility. Gaseous anesthetics like nitrous oxide with low blood solubility are excreted rapidly, while compounds like alcohol, with high blood and tissue solubility, are excreted slowly.
Drugs can also be excreted in breast milk, which is crucial for breastfeeding infants. The process...
Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes01:10

Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug excretion involves various organs, including the liver, intestines, skin, and eyes. In the case of drugs or toxins, they can be actively secreted into bile by transporters in the hepatocyte's canalicular membrane. These substances enter the GI tract during digestion and may be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. This process, known as enterohepatic recycling, can significantly prolong the presence and effects of a substance in the body. To interrupt this cycle, specific substances...
Enhanced Elimination of Poison01:26

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...

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Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
09:02

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

Published on: February 15, 2018

Breastfed infants metabolize perchlorate.

C Phillip Shelor1, Andrea B Kirk, Purnendu K Dasgupta

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA.

Environmental Science & Technology
|April 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bifidobacteria in breastfed infants may reduce perchlorate, a contaminant found in milk. Studies show a significant decrease in perchlorate levels in breastfed infants compared to iodine levels.

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Published on: March 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science
  • Human Health

Background:

  • Bifidobacteria are dominant gut bacteria in infants.
  • Known to reduce nitrate, but perchlorate reduction is inferred.
  • Perchlorate is an environmental contaminant with potential health effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential for Bifidobacteria to reduce perchlorate in infant diets.
  • To compare perchlorate and iodine levels in breastfed and formula-fed infants.

Main Methods:

  • Cultured commercial Bifidobacteria strains with perchlorate-spiked milk.
  • Analyzed perchlorate and iodine concentrations in milk and urine samples from 13 breastfed and 5 formula-fed infant-mother pairs.
  • Used iodine as a tracer to assess perchlorate loss.

Main Results:

  • Commercially cultured Bifidobacteria consumed perchlorate in milk.
  • Breastfed infants showed a significantly lower perchlorate to iodine ratio (1.37) compared to the milk ratio (2.87), indicating perchlorate loss (p < 0.001).
  • Formula-fed infants showed no significant difference in these ratios (1.20 vs 1.58).

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest Bifidobacteria may reduce perchlorate in breastfed infants.
  • Further research is needed to confirm perchlorate reduction in formula-fed infants due to small sample size.