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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Olfactory system structure and function in newly hatched and adult locusts.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding
10:59

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

Published on: June 29, 2017

Olfactory coding: tagging and tuning odor-activated synapses for memory.

Zane N Aldworth1, Mark Stopfer

  • 1NIH-NICHD, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.

Current Biology : CB
|April 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuromodulators can change how brain connections adapt, forming associative memories by tagging specific synapses. This discovery in locusts sheds light on memory mechanisms.

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A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding
10:59

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

Published on: June 29, 2017

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
10:42

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Plasticity
  • Memory Formation

Background:

  • Neuromodulators play a crucial role in neural communication and plasticity.
  • Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, a process fundamental to learning and memory.
  • Associative memory involves linking stimuli or events together.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of neuromodulators in regulating synaptic plasticity for associative memory formation.
  • To explore the mechanism of 'tagged' synapses in the context of memory.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the locust olfactory system as a model organism.
  • Investigated the effects of specific neuromodulators on synaptic plasticity rules.
  • Examined the function of 'tagged' synapses during associative learning.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that neuromodulators can indeed alter the rules governing synaptic plasticity.
  • Provided evidence for the involvement of 'tagged' synapses in the formation of associative memories.
  • Showcased a specific mechanism by which neuromodulators facilitate memory consolidation.

Conclusions:

  • Neuromodulators are key regulators of synaptic plasticity, enabling the formation of associative memories.
  • 'Tagged' synapses represent a critical cellular mechanism for encoding associative learning.
  • The findings offer insights into the neural basis of memory and potential therapeutic targets for memory disorders.