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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism02:45

E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...
Crown Ethers02:36

Crown Ethers

Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules take.
Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage02:18

Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage

Ethers are generally unreactive and unsuitable for direct nucleophilic substitution reactions since the alkoxy groups are strong bases and, therefore, poor leaving groups. However, ethers readily undergo acidic-cleavage reactions. Ethers can be converted to alkyl halides when heated with strong acids such as HBr and HI in a sequence of two substitution reactions.
π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion01:18

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion

An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Comparing intermediate range order for alkyl- vs. ether-substituted cations in ionic liquids.

Alessandro Triolo1, Olga Russina, Ruggero Caminiti

  • 1Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. triolo@ism.cnr.it

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|April 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquids (ILs) with alkyl-substituted cations exhibit unique X-ray scattering patterns compared to ether- or hydroxy-substituted ILs. This reveals distinct differences in their structural ordering at the nanoscale.

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Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are liquid below 100°C, with tunable properties.
  • Understanding the nanoscale structure of ILs is crucial for their application.
  • X-ray scattering is a powerful technique for probing liquid structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the X-ray scattering patterns of different ionic liquids (ILs).
  • To investigate the influence of cation substituents on the intermediate-range order of ILs.
  • To identify structural differences between alkyl-substituted and ether/hydroxy-substituted ILs.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition and analysis of X-ray scattering data from four pairs of ionic liquids.
  • Focus on the presence and position of the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP).
  • Comparison of scattering profiles based on cation substitution.

Main Results:

  • A distinct first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) was observed between 3 and 4 nm⁻¹ for ILs with alkyl-substituted cations.
  • This FSDP was absent in ILs featuring ether- or hydroxy-substituted cations.
  • The presence/absence of the FSDP indicates significant differences in intermediate-range order.

Conclusions:

  • Cation substitution significantly impacts the nanoscale structural organization of ionic liquids.
  • Alkyl-substituted cations promote a specific type of ordering not found in ether/hydroxy-substituted counterparts.
  • These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of structure-property relationships in ionic liquids.