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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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The effect of an additional reflection in a precedence effect experiment.

Matthew J Goupell1, Gongqiang Yu, Ruth Y Litovsky

  • 1Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA. goupell@umd.edu

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|April 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study explored how the brain processes sound reflections using a three-source model, moving beyond typical two-source experiments. Findings show how interaural time difference (ITD) perception changes with multiple sound sources and delays.

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory perception
  • Psychoacoustics
  • Spatial hearing

Background:

  • The precedence effect, crucial for spatial hearing, is typically studied with two sound sources.
  • Real-world environments involve complex soundscapes with multiple reflections, making the two-source paradigm less ecologically valid.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the discrimination of interaural time differences (ITDs) in a more realistic three-source auditory environment.
  • To extend a perceptual weighting model to account for three-source stimuli and understand auditory processing of multiple reflections.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a three-source auditory stimulus paradigm with clicks presented over headphones.
  • Measured the discrimination of ITDs when the ITD was varied in the first, second, or third source, with inter-source intervals ranging from 0-130 ms.
  • Applied an extended perceptual weighting model to interpret the experimental data.

Main Results:

  • The addition of a third sound source largely aligns with predictions from two-source precedence effect interactions.
  • For delays of 1-8 ms, earlier sources' ITD information was weighted more heavily than later sources.
  • For delays exceeding 8 ms, later sources received slightly more weight, with complex interactions observed under specific conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The two-source paradigm offers a robust foundation for understanding the auditory system's processing of reflections in spatial hearing.
  • While the three-source paradigm reveals nuanced weighting patterns, the core principles of the precedence effect remain influential.
  • Auditory perception of sound reflections is adaptable, with weighting strategies shifting based on inter-source delays.